放射性示蹤劑

Moroccan Nuclear Institute, IAEA Extend Partnership to Help the Spread of Nuclear Techniques in Africa

L.Baben@iaea.org — Thu, 28 Jan 2021 08:15:00 +0000

摩洛哥核研究所：原子能機構擴大伙伴關系，幫助在非洲傳播核技術（英文） a.galindo@iaea.org Thu, 2021-01-28 09:15

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Aleksandra Peeva

IAEA Department of Nuclear Sciences and Applications

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Thu, 2021-01-28 10:15

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Morocco’s National Center for Energy and Nuclear Science and Technology (CNESTEN) has become the first nuclear institution in Africa to work with the IAEA in more than one field of nuclear applications as a Collaborating Centre.

By signing an agreement last week, the two organizations are expanding their cooperation from water resource management to environmental protection and industrial applications.

“The IAEA and CNESTEN will work together to enhance national capabilities of IAEA Member States in applying radioisotopes and radiation-based techniques to support cleaner and safer industrial process management,” said Najat Mokhtar, IAEA Deputy Director General and Head of the Department of Nuclear Sciences and Applications, during the signing ceremony held virtually this week.

Radiation techniques are some of the most environment-friendly and cost-effective methods available in several research areas, which explains their growing popularity in industry. The work of the two organizations will focus on the use of non-invasive nuclear techniques, such as non-destructive-testing, radiotracers and sealed sources applications.

In the field of water resource management, the IAEA and CNESTEN will join efforts to promote the use of isotope hydrology tools both in Morocco and in the wider region including Africa and the Middle East. This involves establishing collaboration agreements with African institutions, which have a mandate in water resource management, as well as conducting trainings in analytical methods and applications of geochemical and isotope tools.

“The scientific and technical cooperation between CNESTEN and the IAEA has enhanced the use of nuclear technology in Africa. In the context of climate change and Africa’s growing population, nuclear applications will play even more important role in achieving greener industry, better environmental protection and improved availability and quality of water,” said Khalid El Mediouri, Director General of CNESTEN.

CNESTEN was first designated as an IAEA Collaborating Centre in 2015 and has since then supported the IAEA’s activities in water resource assessment and management by:

conducting hydrological studies addressing key water availability and quality issues related to various aquifers and basins across Morocco;
providing trainings to more than 60 IAEA Technical Cooperation counterparts in Africa;
participating in IAEA-led proficiency tests;
carrying out thousands of isotope analyses used in national hydrological studies and IAEA-supported projects.

“This agreement constitutes a significant milestone in the long-lasting IAEA-CNESTEN cooperation, and is yet another valuable opportunity to further strengthen our collaboration in enhancing the use nuclear and isotopic techniques in Africa,” said Ambassador Azzeddine Farhane, Permanent Representative of Morocco to the United Nations in Vienna, noting that the signing of the agreement occurs during the Moroccan presidency of the 64th session of the IAEA General Conference.

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Morocco

核技術和應用

Technical Cooperation Programme

物理學和化學科學處

核科學

工業

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Najat Mokhtar, IAEA Deputy Director General, handing over a plaque re-designating Morocco’s National Center for Energy and Nuclear Science and Technology (CNESTEN) as an IAEA Collaborating Centre to Azzeddine Farhane, Morocco's Ambassador to Austria and Permanent Representative to the United Nations in Vienna. (Photo: IAEA)

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IAEA Collaborating Centres

To promote the practical use of nuclear technologies, the IAEA collaborates with designated institutions around the world. Through the Collaborating Centres network, these organizations in Member States can assist the IAEA by undertaking original research and development and training relating to nuclear science, technologies and their safe and secure applications. There are 46 active Collaborating Centres worldwide, with ongoing discussions in several countries to establish new Centres.

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World Environment Day 2018: Nuclear Techniques Reveal How Microplastics Pollute our Oceans

D.Calma@iaea.org — Tue, 05 Jun 2018 06:00:00 +0000

2018年世界海洋日：核技術揭示微塑料如何污染我們的海洋（英文） a.galindo@iaea.org Tue, 2018-06-05 10:00

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Tue, 2018-06-05 10:00

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While the visible impact of large plastic debris on marine environments has been well documented, the potential harm caused by microplastics is much less clear

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CN-262: Ministerial Conference on Nuclear Science and Technology 2018

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While the visible impact of large plastic debris on marine environments has been well documented, the potential harm caused by microplastics is much less clear. Nuclear and isotopic techniques can provide valuable information on their impact and the risk to marine organisms and, ultimately, humans. This information can be used by governments as input into making policy decisions. The small coral nubbin on this photo is part of the marine plastics experimental work at the IAEA Environment Laboratories in Monaco.

Due to their small size, some plastic fragments can be mistaken for plankton and may be inadvertently consumed by marine animals, such as mussels, shrimp and fish. This photo depicts a brine shrimp, also known as Artemia, after having consumed microplastic particles (in green).

Plastic particles, when eaten by fish and other animals, can enter their internal organs and potentially interfere with natural processes by, for example, giving them a false sense of being full. More research is planned to determine what the long-term effect of this would be.

Many marine organisms such as these seabream can accumulate microplastic particles in their flesh. If people eat seafood which contains plastics, we could in turn consume these plastic fragments, too. Determining the health risks associated with this process of bioaccumulation is an important aspect of the IAEA Environment Laboratories’ work in this area.

In water, pollutants have a tendency to be attracted to or attach onto the surface of marine plastic particles. By this mechanism, floating marine plastics can collect a cocktail of contaminants whose destiny in the ocean and through the food chain is then tied to that of the plastics. This photo shows a coral nubbin which can mistakenly ingest microplastic fragments.

Researchers at the IAEA Environment Laboratories model realistic scenarios to examine to what extent microplastics in the environment attach pollutants and how they could act as an additional vector for the transfer of such contaminants to marine organisms and eventually to humans. Pollutants which can attach to plastics include persistent organic pollutants like polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) and flame retardants as well as some trace metals such as mercury and lead.

Nuclear and isotopic techniques such as radiotracers enable researchers to monitor and trace how plastics and associated contaminants are taken up by organisms, including mussels pictured here. This information can be used by governments to gain new knowledge and to reinforce and/or adapt seafood safety programmes accordingly. Photos: Francois Oberhaensli, Hugo Jacob Text: Sarah Jones-Couture Happy <a >#WorldEnvironmentDay</a>! Check out other ways that nuclear technology helps protect the environment at an IAEA <a >conference</a> in November. <a >#Atoms4Life</a>

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Chile Stays Ahead in the Race for Scarce Minerals With Radiation Technology

Mi.Varokky@iaea.org — Wed, 12 Apr 2017 12:00:00 +0000

利用輻射技術，智利在開拓稀有礦物方面保持領先（英文） M.F.Caruso@iaea.org Wed, 2017-04-12 14:00

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Jeremy Li

IAEA Office of Public Information and Communication

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Wed, 2017-04-12 16:00

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Competition is heating up in the multibillion dollar global race for high-grade minerals and metals as known resources grow scarce and demand increases for their use in all kinds of everyday products, from mobile phones to pots and pans. For countries like Chile, radiation technology is key to keeping a competitive edge.

“Radiation technology offers a hard-to-beat advantage over other techniques,” said Francisco J. Diaz Vargas, principal manager of Trazado Nuclear e Ingenieria, a Chilean organization that consults on mineral and metal extraction processes for mining companies. “These tools have become a critical part of how we are growing our most important national industry and keeping our foothold as a global exporter.”

Thanks to its rich mineral reserves, Chile’s vibrant mining industry contributes about 9% of the country’s gross domestic product (GDP) and represents about half of Chile’s total exports. Chile is the world’s largest producer of copper, which is exported for use in alloys, buildings and electrical equipment, among other things. Chile’s mines are also a major source of molybdenum, a chemical element that plays a critical role in over 80% of nuclear medicine procedures.

To keep their national industry thriving and help meet growing export demands, Chilean mining companies have been working with the IAEA to use radiotracers and nucleonic gauges (see Radioactive tracers and nucleonic gauges) to help them streamline their production and mining processes and become more efficient in detecting and measuring mineral and metal concentrations. Compared to traditional techniques, radiation technology does a better job of improving the quality of products, optimizing processes, and saving energy, Diaz Vargas said.

“In many instances, it’s simply not practical to use traditional tracer techniques because they involve large equipment that is too bulky to move around and use in the field. Radiotracers are more portable,” explained Diaz Vargas. “They are also more accurate and faster than traditional techniques, which means we can save time and money because we have an accurate idea of how much we can expect to extract and process.”

Using such innovative techniques is essential to staying ahead in an increasingly competitive global market and ensuring a steady supply of metals and minerals, said Patrick Dominique M. Brisset, an industrial technologist at the IAEA.

More than 2.7 billion metric tonnes of metals and minerals are extracted from natural reserves in the ground and used each year, according to the British Geological Survey’s World Mineral Statistics. These minerals and metals are used in a huge number of products, from machinery to electronics to household goods and automotive parts. In computers alone, more than 60 different kinds of metal are used in making the exterior casing, circuit boards and computer chips.

As the global population grows and the overall standard of living goes up, the demand for products using these materials is rising too. However, the challenge of finding easily-extractable minerals and metals combined with the long mining process — normally 10 to 15 years from discovery of a deposit to the start of extraction — is making it more difficult to accommodate the ever-growing demand.

“The demand is getting more and more difficult to meet because, globally, sources of high-grade metals and minerals are getting exhausted and harder to find, so countries have to find new ways to keep up,” Brisset said.

Through IAEA support, specialists from around the world are building knowledge and skills in using nuclear techniques in the mining, metallurgy and mineral processing industries. They are also working closely with experts from countries like Chile that have developed years of expertise through their well-established mining practices and infrastructures.

“The industry is growing fast. If radiation techniques are developed and implemented on a massive scale, we are potentially looking at annual global economic savings of upwards of US $19 billion from the more efficient extraction and production processes and less reliance on human resources,” Brisset said.

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This is one of several topics that will be discussed by more than 300 experts and officials at the IAEA International Conference on Applications of Radiation Science and Technology (ICARST) happening from 24 to 28 April 2017. Find out more about the conference here and get updates on social media,#ICARST17.

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A mining facility in Chile that processes raw copper. Chile is the world’s largest producer of copper. (Photo: F. Diaz/Trazado Nuclear e Ingenieria Ltda.)

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Radiation technology offers a hard-to-beat advantage over other techniques. These tools have become a critical part of how we are growing our most important national industry and keeping our foothold as a global exporter.

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Francisco J. Diaz Vargas, Principal Manager, Trazado Nuclear e Ingenieria, Chile

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Radioactive tracers and nucleonic gauges

Radioactive tracers are a family of analytical tools that can provide data to investigate and optimize the various steps involved in the mining and processing of minerals. They are based on radioactive isotopes that are injected into a mixture or fluid that latch onto molecules of a target substance, such as metals and minerals, and move in a similar way to those substances. Special devices, such as scintillators, are then used to detect the radiation being emitted from the tracers. Imaging tools, such as single photon emission computed tomography (SPECT) or positron emission tomography (PET), are also used. These devices produce images that reveal the concentration of mineral and metals — the higher the concentration of a substance in a mixture, the more radiotracers appear in the image. The radiotracer method can also be used to determine the real-time movement of water, oil or pollutants underground and to also map out the flow patterns inside of a system.

Nucleonic measurement and control systems, popularly known as nucleonic gauges, use special detection devices and radiation sources to emit gamma radiation or X-rays for measuring and controlling different variables of a product or equipment, such as its thickness, density and composition.

A nucleonic gauge works by passing radiation through a material to reach a special detector device on the other side. The detector picks up on variations in the amount of radiation coming through the material: when material is thinner, has a lower density or a lower concentration level, more radiation passes through it, and vice versa. The variations detected in this way can be used to determine and measure relevant characteristics. In many cases, these gauges can operate without direct contact and can pass through opaque walls or materials. They play a vital role in the production and maintenance of materials and structures without causing them damage or leaving behind any radioactive residue.

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CN-249: ICARST 2017

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Radiotracers

piatta — Wed, 13 Apr 2016 13:04:00 +0000

放射性示蹤劑 Mi.Varokky@iaea.org Thu, 2018-03-22 15:50

示蹤劑是具有原子或核子、物理、化學或生物特性的物質，可以幫助識別、觀察或遵循各種物理、化學或生物過程的特性。放射性示蹤劑廣泛用于診斷工業用反應堆，例如通過測量液體、氣體和固體的流速。

放射性示蹤劑是其中一個或多個原子被放射性同位素取代的化合物。監測放射性衰變時，放射性示蹤劑可用于探索化學反應的機理。它們還被用于通過諸如單光子發射計算機斷層掃描（SPECT）、正電子發射斷層掃描（PET）和計算機放射性粒子跟蹤（CARPT）等不同技術進行流動可視化。

放射性示蹤劑技術在工業中起著越來越重要的作用。它被用來診斷工廠或過程操作低效的具體原因，并普遍用于調查工業和相關環境中的過程，其中從過程優化和故障排除（例如沉積物輸送）中可以獲得很大的成本效益比。預計這一重要作用將繼續擴大，特別是如果學生和工程師在學術培訓中接觸到這一工具用于研究、開發和應用的許多可能性。

通過技術合作項目，國際原子能機構在促進向發展中成員國轉讓放射性示蹤劑技術方面發揮著重要作用。國際原子能機構幫助他們開發人力資源，支持年輕專家的教育，并幫助保持必要的良好實踐，確保技術和知識轉讓的可持續性。專為全球放射性示蹤劑專家和放射性示蹤劑從業人員開發的培訓材料包括用于工業和環境應用的放射性示蹤劑停留時間分配方法等。

放射性示蹤劑研究準備

開展放射性示蹤劑研究之前，需要滿足各種要求。其中最重要的是要選擇合適的放射性示蹤劑。放射性示蹤劑化合物的特性要與被跟蹤物質的特性相同，這是至關重要的。為了獲得可靠和有意義的結果，工業放射示蹤劑還必須滿足其他基本要求，例如合適的半衰期和輻射能以及物理和化學穩定性。而且必須容易和明確地進行檢測。

在向系統注入示蹤劑之前，必須清楚其內部將會發生什么。在某些情況下，示蹤劑可能經歷分解、相變、不希望的吸收和吸附，或與系統成分的相互化學作用。所有這些都可能導致不正確的結果。

滿足理想示蹤劑的所有要求往往是困難的。必須采取某些這種方式。即使放射性示蹤劑滿足所要求的標準，也有可能無法提供給發展中國家的示蹤劑小組。

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IAEA Impact: Cuba Goes Local With Radiopharmaceutical Production

Mi.Varokky@iaea.org — Tue, 05 May 2015 13:15:00 +0000

本地化同時確保質量：國際原子能機構幫助古巴生產放射性藥物 L.Baben@iaea.org Tue, 2015-05-05 18:00

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Nicole Jawerth

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Tue, 2015-05-05 20:00

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得益于其新建的關鍵放射性藥物生產設施，癌癥和心血管疾病成為古巴現能夠更輕松診斷和治療的疾病。核醫學需要這些放射性藥品的穩定和可靠供應，并且這些藥品要根據業內所謂的“良好制造規范”（GMP）進行制備，而迄今古巴這個島國在獲取這些藥品方面一直受到限制。

專門致力于放射性藥物生產的古巴同位素中心（CENTIS）生產主任René Leyva Monta?a說：“通過與國際原子能機構的合作，我們現已擁有一個符合“良好制造規范”的專門設施和專業知識，以滿足我國為幫助患者對診斷和治療用放射性藥物的大部分需求。

“良好制造規范”遵循一系列旨在保護患者不受劣質產品影響的國際質量保證標準。這些標準概述了確保所生產的藥物具有高品質、安全和有效并且包含正確效力的要求。國際原子能機構放射性同位素產品和輻射技術科科長Joao Osso說:“符合‘良好制造規范’是一個要求很高但十分重要的過程，一個設施的設計必須保證質量，因為產品必須準備隨時供患者使用。”

古巴的新設施將利用釔-90生產基于發生器的放射性藥物（見方框資料），釔-90是核醫學中治療肝癌和其他健康狀況的一個重要成分。釔-90是從它的母體同位素鍶-90生產而來。鍶-90是一種放射性同位素，也就是說它是一種通過衰變達到穩定性的放射性元素。隨著慢慢衰變，鍶-90 釋放出具有更短衰變期的另一種放射性同位素釔-90。使用稱作發生器的特殊裝置，釔-90可在發生器內從鍶-90中“提取”。然后對釔-90快速進行純化并加到特定分子上，供核醫學使用。

Osso說:“在該國能夠生產釔-90發生器比從國外購買成品經濟可行得多，因為釔-90衰變期短，這使得它運輸非常困難和昂貴。”他還表示，古巴仍將需要從國外供應商購買鍶-90等原材料。

Osso說，國際原子能機構通過提供開發和生產釔-90所需的技術援助和培訓，包括標記、質量控制、計量、安全和安保，一直支持古巴發展符合“良好制造規范”的設施。古巴還在購買分析、放射防護和計量設備和所需材料方面得到國際原子能機構的援助和資金。

Leyva Monta?a解釋說，目前，古巴同位素中心正在為診斷和治療用放射性藥物制備不同配方的釔-90，可能很快進入臨床試驗和隨后用于患者。他還說，該設施在準備大規模生產之前現正在等待最后的許可證審批。

應對國際供應問題

與能夠廣泛獲得的釔-90和鍶-90不同，對于古巴和世界大部分地區而言十分重要的另一種放射性同位素锝-99m，由于其母體放射性同位素鉬-99的生產問題正面臨著國際供應問題。

Leyva Monta?a解釋說:“锝-99m是核醫學的‘主力’。在世界各地開展的所有核醫學研究中超過70％使用這種單一同位素。”上世紀末，由于負責全球鉬-99供應三分之二的兩座核反應堆停止生產，產生了锝-99m的全球供應問題。Osso說，與這些反應堆有關的挑戰和其他國家有限的生產能力影響了锝 -99m的供應。 Leyva Monta?a還說，有關放射性物質運輸的嚴格空中運輸條例也對尤其向古巴這類島國的國際運輸造成挑戰。

“對古巴可能因供應問題產生的主要問題之一是鉬-99的價格上漲。由于價格上漲，我們將最終沒有資金進口所需要的東西，因此，患者不能得到他們所需要的幫助。”Leyva Monta?a說:“雖然到現在為止國際供應問題還沒有對古巴產生顯著的影響，但我們預計可能會有影響，所以我們正在研究解決方案，現在要盡量減輕。”

Leyva Monta?a說，古巴緩解供應挑戰的方法之一一直是與國際原子能機構合作尋找新的鉬-99供應商，以及開發自己的設施來生產鉬-99/锝-99m發生器。他還說，這些好處會惠及加勒比地區其他島國。“該項目將對古巴產生非常積極的影響，同時還將使古巴向該地區小國提供必要的支持作好準備。”

Leyva Monta?a說，自古巴開始與國際原子能機構合作以來，該國在該地區和國際上的作用已發生變化。“起初古巴要求在進修和專家培訓方面提供支持，而現在古巴正在放射性藥物和發生器生產方面向進修人員提供培訓，為國際原子能機構協調研究項目提供支持，并在國際上促進與多個國家的交流與合作。”

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新建的基于釔-90放射性藥物生產設施具有保護工作人員和確保高品質藥品生產的符合“良好制造規范”的熱室。（圖/ CENTIS）

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古巴將很快擁有能夠生產鉬-99/锝-99m發生器的符合“良好制造規范”的設施。（圖/ CENTIS）

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起初古巴要求在進修和專家培訓方面提供支持，而現在古巴正在放射性藥物和發生器生產方面向進修人員提供培訓。

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古巴同位素中心生產主任, René Leyva Monta?a

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科學

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放射性藥物

放射性藥物是含有微量稱作放射性同位素的放射性物質的醫藥。放射性同位素是發射輻射的原子。在放射性藥物中使用的放射性同位素可以通過在核研究反應堆或粒子加速器（如回旋加速器）內輻照特定靶生產。放射性同位素一旦生產出來，便依生物特性加到某些分子上，從而得到放射性藥物。

一旦進入患者體內，放射性藥物的不同物理特性和生物特性便使它們與不同的蛋白質或受體相互作用或結合。這進而意味著，這些藥物往往因身體具體部位的生物特性而集中于這些部位。因此，使用專用照相機，通過選擇特定類型的放射性藥物，醫生能夠精確地瞄準要檢查或治療的身體部位。由于放射性同位素發射粒子輻射，因此放射性藥物也可以用于疾病治療。

(這篇文章被刊登于2015年3月出版的國際原子能機構通報)

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