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          You are here
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          • ????? ?????? ??????? ?? ????? ????? ?????? ?????? ???????? ???????
                    
          
        
          
      
          
    
          
  
          


          
  
          
    
          
      
          
        
          
          ????? ?????? ??????? ?? ????? ????? ?????? ?????? ???????? ???????
          
          
          
                                
          
          
            
          
    
          


          

      
  

          
  
          
    
            
    
          
              
          
          Melissa Evans, IAEA Department of Technical Cooperation        
          
          
          
  
          

          



          

  
          
    
          
      
          
        
        
          
      
              
          
          
          ??? ????? ?????? ????? ???? ?? ????? ?????? ???????. ???? ???? ?????? ?? ?????? ?????? ?? ????? (?????? ??: ????? ???? ??????? ??????? ?????? ??????)
          
        
          
              
    
          
      
          
        
  
          
    
          ?????? ????? ?????? ???? ??????? ?????? ???? ?? ?????? ??????? ??????? ?????? ?????? 2024-2025? ??????? ????? ??????? ?? ??????? ???????? ????? ??????? ??????? ?? ???? ????? ???????? ???????? ?? ???? ????? ???????????? ???????? (????? ??????) ??? ????? ??? ???? ???? ??????? ?????? ???????? ?? ???? ????? ??? ????? ?? ????? ????????.
          

          ?????? ?? ???? ??????? ?????? ?????? ??????? ?????? ?????? ???????? ??? ??????? ????? ?????? ??? ???? ?????. ?????? ??? ??????? ????????? ????? ??? ???? ????? ???????? ??? ?????? ??????? ????? ???? ?? ???? ?????? ?? ?????? ?? ????? ?????? ????? ????? ??? ??????. ??? ???? ??????? ?????? ??? ???? ???? ?? ????? ??????? ????? ??????? ?? ???? ?????????? ??? ??????? ?????????? ?? ???? ?????? ???????.
          

          ????? ????? ???? ?????? ???? ?????? ????????? ?????? ?????? ????? ????? ?????? ??????: "???? ??????? ?????? ???? ??? ??? ????? ??????? ??????? ????????? ?????? ?????? ?? ???? ?????? ?? ????? ????? ?? ?????? ??????? ??? ???????? ??????? ?? ????? ?????????? ??? ???????".
          

          ????? ?????: "??? ????? ????? ?????? ????????? ?????? ?????? ???? ???? ?? ????? ????? ????? ??????? ???? ?????? ?? ???? ????? ?? ???? ??????? ??????? ??????? ??????? ?????????? ????? ?????? ??????? ???????. ?????? ???? ????? ???? ??????? ????? ??? ???? ?? ?????? ????? ????? ?????? ????? ????? ??????? ??????? ??????? ??? ???? ?? ????? ?? ?????? ??????? ??????? ?? ??? ?????? ????? ?????? ???? ????? ?????? ??????? ??????? ?? ?????? ?? ????? ????? ?????? ????????".
          

          ????? ?? ???????? ??? ??????? ?? ????? ????? ?????? ????? ?????? ??????? ?? ???? ????? ??? ?????? ??????? ???????? ??????? ?????. ?????? ????? ?? ????? ?? ??????? ???? ??? ????? ??????? ????????? ??? ????????? ?? ??? ?????? ?????????? ???????. ????? ????????? ????? ????? ??? ????? ?????? ???????? ??? ?????? ?????????? ???????.
          

          ????? ??????? ?????? ??? ???????? ??????? ?????? ?????? ?????? ????? ??????? ?????? ?????? ????? ???? ????? ???????. ????????? ???????? ??????? ??? ???????? ?????? ??????? ????? ??? ?????? ????? ??????? ?? ??????? ??? ?? ?? ???????. ??????? ?? ??????? ??? ?? ???????? ??????? ???????? ??? ?????? ?? ?????? ??????? ???????? ??????? ???????. ??? ??? ??? ???????? ???? ????? ??????? ????????? ????? ??????? ????????? ???? ???? ??? ?????? ???????? ???? ??????? ?????? ?????? ??????? ???? ?????? ????? ??????? ???????? ?????????.
          

          ????? ??????? ?? ????? ????? ???? ????? ??????? ????????? ????? ??????? ????????: "?? ??????? ??? ??????? ?? ????????? ???????? ????? ????? ?????? ?????? ??????? ????? ?? ??????? ??????? ??????? ?????? ??????? ??? ???????. ??? ?????? ??? ?????? ??????? ???????? ???? ??? ???????? ??? ?????? ?????? ??????? ?? ??????? ?? ??????? ??? ??????? ?? ????? ?????? ????????. ????? ?? ???? ??? ???????? ???? ????? ????? ????? ?? ????????? ???????? ?????????? ???????? ???????? ????????? ????? ?? ??????? ??? ???????? ??????? ???????. ????? ???? ????? ??????? ????????? ????? ??????? ???????? ??????? ?? ??????? ??????? ??????? ????? ??????? ?? ??????? ??? ??????? ?????????? ????????".
          

          ????? ???? ????? ??????? ????????? ????? ??????? ???????? ??? ???? ??????? ?????? ?? ?????? ’?????????? ??????? ?? ???? ????? ???????????? ?????????‘ ????? ?? ??????? ??? ????? ??????? ??????? ??????? ?????????? ???????? ???? ????????? ??? ?? ??? ?????????? ??? ???????.
          

          ????? ???? ??????? ?????? ????? ???? ???? ??????? ?????? ??????? ?????? ??????? ?????? ?? ???????? ?? ???????? ????? ?????? ?????? ?????? ????????: "???? ???????? ?????? ???? ??????? ???? ??? ????? ??? ????? ??? ???? ??? ?????? ?????? ????? ???????? ???????? ????? ?????? ???? ???? ??????? ??? ??????? ??????? ?? ????? ?????? ??????? ???????? ??????? ?? ???? ????? ???????? ??????? ???????".
          

          ??????
          

          ??????? ???????? ??? ?????? ???? ????? ????? ?? ??????? ??? ?????? ?? ??? ???????? ???????. ????? ?????? ???? ?? ???? ??? ?????? ??????? ??????? ???? ?????? ??????? ?? ???? ???? ?? ??????? ???????? ?????????? ?? ?????? ????? ????????. ??? ???? ??? ????????? ???? ??????? ?? ???? ??????? ??????? ?? ?????? ???? ?????? ????? ???????? ????? ????? ??????? ????????? ???? ??? ?????? ???? ?????? ??? ?????? ?????? ???????.
          

          ?????? ??? ?????? ???????? ????? ?? ????? ??? ??????? ?? ????? ????? ???????? ????????. ??? ???? ??? ???? ???????-14 ???????? ???????? ???? ????? ?????? ???????????? ???? ??????? ????? ??? ??????.
          
  
          
              
          
    
          

    
        
          
      
  
          
    
          
              
          The Science
          
                  
          Non-destructive testing is used to examine the properties of objects or structures without causing harm to their physical integrity. This can be done through several different radiation methods, including X rays, gamma ray radiation, neutron activation analysis or ion beam methods. Through these techniques, radiation can make hidden layers of an object more apparent to the human eye, and also identify its chemical composition based upon the radiation that it releases when exposed to an X ray.
          

          Radiocarbon dating is another method used in classifying cultural heritage objects. By examining the amount of carbon-14 present using accelerator mass spectrometry, scientists can determine the object’s age.
          

          
    
          
  
          
    
          
    
    
    
    
    
          
  
          


  

  
          
  
  
        
          
        
      
          
        
          
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